Circumstance Vs Expanding Clause

Halliday & Matthiessen (2004: 369):

In the creation of text, we choose between augmenting a clause ‘internally’ by means of a circumstantial element and augmenting it ‘externally’ by means of another clause in a complex. The decision depends on many factors; but the basic consideration has to do with how much textual, interpersonal and experiential semiotic ‘weight’ is to be assigned to the unit.

Semantic Weight

Halliday & Matthiessen (1999: 111):

… whenever two figures are related in a sequence, they may be either equal or unequal in semantic weight. … The projecting and projected figures may have equal status in the sequence: this relation is that of quoting … . Or they may have unequal status: this relation is that of reporting ….

Projections Of Meaning & Wording: Ideas & Locutions

Halliday & Matthiessen (1999: 108):

We have suggested that the relation of projection sets up one figure on a different plane of reality — we refer to this as the second-order or semiotic level. This second-order level of reality is the content plane of a semiotic system. That is to say, the projected figure is projected in the form of ‘content’. We have seen that the content plane is stratified into two levels — semantics (the level of meanings) and lexicogrammar (the level of wordings). Consequently, we would expect projections to be located at either or both of these levels, and this is indeed what happens: a projected figure is either a meaning or a wording. […] We will refer to these [i.e. meaning and wording] in the context of projection as ideas and locutions.

Comment Adjuncts

Type					Examples Of Adverbs
propositional	on whole	asseverative	natural		naturally, inevitably, of course
			obvious		obviously, clearly, plainly, of course
			sure		doubtless, indubitably, no doubt
		qualificative	prediction	predictable	unsurprisingly, predictably, to no-one’s surprise
				surprising	surprisingly, unexpectedly
			presumption	hearsay	evidently, allegedly, supposedly
				argument	arguably
				guess	presumably
			desirability	desirable: luck	luckily, fortunately
				desirable: hope	hopefully
				undesirable	sadly, unfortunately
	on Subject	wisdom	positive		wisely, cleverly
			negative		foolishly, stupidly
		morality	positive		rightly, correctly, justifiably
			negative		wrongly, unjustifiably
speech-functional	unqualified	persuasive	assurance		truly, honestly, seriously (+ tone 1)
			concession		admittedly, certainly, to be sure (+ tone 4)
		factual			actually, really, in fact, as a matter of fact
	qualified	validity			generally, broadly, roughly, ordinarily, by and large, on the whole
		personal engagement	honesty		frankly, candidly, honestly, to be honest
			secrecy		confidentially, between you and me
			individuality		personally, for my part
			accuracy		truly, strictly
			hesitancy		tentatively

Halliday & Matthiessen (2004: 130)

Modal Adjuncts

	Type	Meaning	Examples
I	probability	how likely?	probably, possibly, certainly, perhaps, maybe
	usuality	how often?	usually, sometimes, always, (n)ever, often, seldom
	typicality	how typical?	occasionally, generally, regularly, for the most part
	obviousness	how obvious?	of course, surely, obviously, clearly
II	opinion	I think	in my opinion, personally, to my mind
	admission	I admit	frankly, to be honest, to tell you the truth
	persuasion	I assure you	honestly, really, believe me, seriously
	entreaty	I request you	please, kindly
	presumption	I presume	evidently, apparently, no doubt, presumably
	desirability	how desirable?	(un)fortunately, to my delight/distress, regrettably, hopefully
	reservation	how reliable?	at first, tentatively, provisionally, looking back on it
	validation	how valid?	broadly speaking, in general, on the whole, strictly speaking, in principle
	evaluation	how sensible?	(un)wisely, understandably, mistakenly, foolishly
	prediction	how expected?	to my surprise, surprisingly, as expected, by chance

(Halliday & Matthiessen 2004: 82)

Conjunctive Adjuncts

	Type	Meaning	Examples
I elaborating	appositive	‘i.e., e.g.’	that is, in other words, for instance
	corrective	‘rather’	or rather, at least, to be precise
	dismissive	‘in any case’	in any case, anyway, leaving that aside
	summative	‘in short’	briefly, to sum up, in conclusion
	verificative	‘actually’	actually, in fact, as a matter of fact
II extending	additive	‘and’	also, moreover, in addition, besides
	adversative	‘but’	on the other hand, however, conversely
	variative	‘instead’	instead, alternatively
III enhancing	temporal	‘then’	meanwhile, before that, later on, next, soon, finally
	comparative	‘likewise’	likewise, in the same way
	causal	‘so’	therefore, for this reason, as a result, with this in mind
	conditional	‘(if…) then’	in that case, under the circumstances, otherwise
	concessive	‘yet’	nevertheless, despite that
	respective	‘as to that’	in this respect, as far as that’s concerned

(Halliday & Matthiessen 2004: 82)

Expansion Type	Sub-Types			Items
elaboration	apposition	expository		in other words, that is (to say), I mean (to say), to put it another way
		exemplifying		for example, for instance, thus, to illustrate
	clarification	corrective		or rather, at least, to be more precise
		distractive		by the way, incidentally
		dismissive		in any case, anyway, leaving that aside
		particularising		in particular, more especially
		resumptive		as I was saying, to resume, to get back to the point
		summative		in short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly
		verificative		actually, as a matter of fact, in fact
extension	addition	positive		and, also, moreover, in addition
		negative		nor
		adversative		but, yet, on the other hand, however
	variation	replacive		on the contrary, instead
		subtractive		apart from that, except for that
		alternative		alternatively
enhancement	temporal	simple	following	then, next, afterwards [including correlatives first…then]
			simultaneous	just then, at the same time
			preceding	before that, hitherto, previously
			conclusive	in the end, finally
		complex	immediate	at once, thereupon, straightaway
			interrupted	soon, after a while
			repetitive	next time, on another occasion
			specific	next day, an hour later, that morning
			durative	meanwhile, all that time
			terminal	until then, up to that point
			punctiliar	at this moment
		simple internal	following	next, secondly (‘my next point is’) [including correlatives first…next]
			simultaneous	at this point, here, now
			preceding	hitherto, up to now
			conclusive	lastly, last of all, finally
	manner	comparison	positive	likewise, similarly
			negative	in a different way, contrariwise
		means		thus, thereby, by such means
	causal-conditional	general		so, then, therefore, consequently, hence, because of that, for
		specific	result	in consequence, as a result
			reason	on account of this, for that reason
			purpose	for that purpose, with this in view
			conditional: positive	then, in that case, in that event, under the circumstances
			conditional: negative	otherwise, if not
			concessive	yet, still, though, despite this, however, even so, all the same, nevertheless
	matter	positive		here, there, as to that, in that respect
		negative		in other respects, elsewhere

(Halliday & Matthiessen 2004: 542-3)